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<!-- DFIN ActiveDisclosure(SM) XBRL Schema Document - http://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- Creation Date      : 2020-10-30T18:06:45.3849283+00:00 -->
<!-- Version            : 5.0.1.513 -->
<!-- Package ID         : 8ee1110e6b01409c9e20a7198effb58f -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2020 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
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  <xsd:element id="stim_LineOfCreditFacilityPrepaymentFeesPercentage" name="LineOfCreditFacilityPrepaymentFeesPercentage" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_PercentageOfExitFeeForLiquidationDissolutionWindingUpOrChangeOfControl" name="PercentageOfExitFeeForLiquidationDissolutionWindingUpOrChangeOfControl" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_PercentageOfExitFeeUponAchievementOfAnyTrailingTwelveMonthRevenues" name="PercentageOfExitFeeUponAchievementOfAnyTrailingTwelveMonthRevenues" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_PercentageOfExitFeeUponAchievementOfBothTrailingTwelveMonthRevenues" name="PercentageOfExitFeeUponAchievementOfBothTrailingTwelveMonthRevenues" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_CappedExitFeePercentageOnTermLoanPrincipalAmount" name="CappedExitFeePercentageOnTermLoanPrincipalAmount" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_TrailingTwelveMonthNetProductRevenueFirstThresholdLimitToPayExitFee" name="TrailingTwelveMonthNetProductRevenueFirstThresholdLimitToPayExitFee" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_TrailingTwelveMonthNetProductRevenueSecondThresholdLimitToPayExitFee" name="TrailingTwelveMonthNetProductRevenueSecondThresholdLimitToPayExitFee" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_LongTermDebtPercentageBearingVariableInterestRateFloor" name="LongTermDebtPercentageBearingVariableInterestRateFloor" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_LineOfCreditFacilityFinalPaymentFeesPercentage" name="LineOfCreditFacilityFinalPaymentFeesPercentage" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_DebtInstrumentFinalPaymentFee" name="DebtInstrumentFinalPaymentFee" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_SharesOfCommonStockReservedForIssuanceAbstract" name="SharesOfCommonStockReservedForIssuanceAbstract" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_CommonStockSharesIssuedAndReservedForFutureIssuance" name="CommonStockSharesIssuedAndReservedForFutureIssuance" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_StockholdersDeficitLineItems" name="StockholdersDeficitLineItems" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_StockholdersDeficitTable" name="StockholdersDeficitTable" type="xbrli:stringItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrldt:hypercubeItem" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_RestrictedStockUnitsAndAwardsMember" name="RestrictedStockUnitsAndAwardsMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_CommonStockWarrantsMember" name="CommonStockWarrantsMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ExercisePriceRangeOneMember" name="ExercisePriceRangeOneMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ExercisePriceRangeTwoMember" name="ExercisePriceRangeTwoMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ExercisePriceRangeThreeMember" name="ExercisePriceRangeThreeMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ExercisePriceRangeFourMember" name="ExercisePriceRangeFourMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ExercisePriceRangeFiveMember" name="ExercisePriceRangeFiveMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_NonVestedPerformanceRestrictedStockUnitsMember" name="NonVestedPerformanceRestrictedStockUnitsMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorizedAnnualIncreasePercentage" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardNumberOfAdditionalSharesAuthorizedAnnualIncreasePercentage" type="num:percentItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_NumberOfVestingInstallments" name="NumberOfVestingInstallments" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_TwoThousandEighteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" name="TwoThousandEighteenEquityIncentivePlanMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_RestrictedStockAndRestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember" name="RestrictedStockAndRestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_PerformanceRestrictedStockUnitsMember" name="PerformanceRestrictedStockUnitsMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_FourEqualTranchesMember" name="FourEqualTranchesMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheFourMember" name="ShareBasedCompensationAwardTrancheFourMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValueOfUnderlyingCommonStock" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedInPeriodWeightedAverageGrantDateFairValueOfUnderlyingCommonStock" type="num:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_NumberOfEqualTranches" name="NumberOfEqualTranches" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsClosingPrice" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardFairValueAssumptionsClosingPrice" type="num:perShareItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_WeightedAveragePriceNumberOfDaysTrailing" name="WeightedAveragePriceNumberOfDaysTrailing" type="xbrli:integerItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ProductCategoryMember" name="ProductCategoryMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_NeuroStarAdvancedTherapySystemMember" name="NeuroStarAdvancedTherapySystemMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_TreatmentSessionsMember" name="TreatmentSessionsMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_OtherProductMember" name="OtherProductMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_ReductionInForceMember" name="ReductionInForceMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="stim_TransitionSeparationAgreementMember" name="TransitionSeparationAgreementMember" type="nonnum:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
</xsd:schema>
